Researchers have successfully engineered bacteria to produce a strong, flexible plastic akin to nylon. This pioneering achievement opens new avenues for sustainable material production, potentially diminishing our dependence on petroleum-based plastics.
Traditionally, bacteria have synthesized polyesters like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). However, creating nylon-like plastics, commonly used in textiles and footwear, has posed significant challenges. The primary obstacle stems from the absence of natural enzymes capable of forming the requisite polymer structures.
Novel enzymes capable of linking molecular chains to form polymers
To overcome this hurdle, the research team modified genes from various bacterial species. They inserted these genes as plasmids into Escherichia coli, a bacterium frequently employed in experimental research. These genes encoded novel enzymes capable of linking molecular chains to form polymers. The result was a bioplastic known as poly(ester amide) (PEA), primarily composed of polyester with some nylon-like amide bonds.
Colin Scott, head of enzyme engineering at Uluu, an Australian company specializing in compostable PHAs from seaweed, lauded the work as “beautiful.” He emphasized the urgency of addressing plastic pollution, noting that approximately 400 million tonnes of non-degradable, petroleum-based plastic waste are produced annually. This accumulation threatens wildlife, human health, and the planet. Scott remarked, “This work really highlights how much biology can do to help address this crisis.”
The engineered PEA exhibited remarkable properties, combining strength and flexibility. However, its production currently incurs higher costs compared to conventional plastics derived from fossil fuels. This economic factor presents a challenge for large-scale adoption. Nonetheless, the environmental benefits of biodegradable and sustainable plastics could outweigh the financial considerations in the long term.
Microbial capabilities for sustainable material production
This advancement aligns with ongoing efforts to harness microbial capabilities for sustainable material production. For instance, researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed bacteria that can convert polyethylene, a common plastic, into a biodegradable spider silk. This silk boasts potential applications in textiles, cosmetics, and medicine, offering a renewable alternative to traditional materials.
Fuel-consuming bacteria discovered under fuel caps could play an important role in the fight against environmental pollution.
Similarly, scientists at Kobe University have engineered bacteria to produce a plastic modifier that enhances the processability and fracture resistance of bioplastics. This innovation holds promise for sustainable plastic production, addressing both environmental and performance concerns.
The quest for biodegradable plastics has also led to the exploration of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), naturally produced by various microorganisms. PHAs are biodegradable, biocompatible, and can be synthesized biologically, offering a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics.
Despite these advancements, challenges remain in scaling production and reducing costs to compete with traditional plastics. Continued research and development are crucial to optimize these processes and achieve economic viability. Collaborations between academia, industry, and government will play a pivotal role in transitioning from fossil fuel-based plastics to sustainable alternatives.
The engineering of bacteria to produce nylon-like plastics signifies a monumental step toward sustainable material production. As research progresses, such innovations could revolutionize the plastic industry, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.
